What is a VPN? A beginner’s guide

A virtual private network creates a secure, encrypted tunnel between your device and a VPN server. So, when you open your VPN app and click “Connect,” all of your incoming and outgoing data travels through this secure tunnel. 

This process encrypts your data, making it look like scrambled nonsense to anyone trying to intercept your connection, including your ISP (Internet Service Provider). It also masks your IP address, making it seem like your traffic is coming from the VPN server’s location rather than your actual location.

Let’s take a closer look at what a VPN does when you connect:

1. Encryption. It’s the process of turning your easily readable data into a complex secret code. When the VPN connects, it encrypts your outgoing network traffic, and only your device and the VPN server hold the decryption key to unlock and read it. Common strong encryption methods include AES-256 and ChaCha20.
2. VPN tunnel. It’s a secure, isolated path between your device and the remote VPN server. A VPN tunnel ensures only authorized data packets pass through it, making your online activity private and unreadable to outside observers.
3. VPN server. It’s a regular server configured with VPN software. When a VPN is active, all your internet traffic passes through this server. This is where your encrypted data is unlocked using the special decryption key before it reaches its destination.
4. IP masking. It’s the act of hiding your ISP-provided IP address. As your traffic leaves the VPN server, your original IP address gets replaced by an IP address from the server’s location, making it appear as though you are browsing from somewhere else entirely.

VPN protocols determine how your virtual private network connections work from start to finish. They can also impact the speed, security, and performance of your VPN connection. While there are many VPN protocols out there, modern VPNs rely on three industry standards:

• WireGuard. WireGuard is currently the fastest protocol available. It’s been built to outperform older technology in terms of power usage and performance, with highly efficient, streamlined code;
• OpenVPN. OpenVPN is an open-source VPN protocol known for its rock-solid security and broad compatibility. Because it is open-source, its code has been thoroughly tested and verified by cybersecurity experts worldwide;
• IKEv2/IPSec. IKEv2 (Internet Key Exchange version 2), paired with IPSec (Internet Protocol Security), excels at speed, particularly when switching networks (like moving from Wi-Fi to cellular data), making it the top choice for mobile phone users.

A VPN hides and encrypts all your internet traffic — including your IP address, location, the websites you visit, and what you do on those websites. That said, a virtual private network cannot hide any information you choose to show, such as social media posts or the information you voluntarily provide when registering for online services.

There are many reasons why you should use a VPN — from securing your connection on open networks to accessing your regular online services while traveling. Here are a few:

Public Wi-Fi networks, such as those in cafés, airports, or hotels, are often less secure than private connections. This makes them attractive targets for hackers who may try to intercept your data. By encrypting your traffic, a VPN shields sensitive information — like login credentials or payment details — from being exposed to cyberattacks when you’re browsing on these networks.

Your online activity can be tracked by ISPs, advertisers, and other third parties. A VPN masks your browsing habits by encrypting your connection, which makes it far harder for outsiders to monitor or collect your data. Many virtual private network services also enforce strict no-logs policies, adding an extra layer of privacy.

When you travel, you may notice that some websites or services are unavailable in certain regions. Having a VPN when traveling can help securely access your usual online accounts and services by providing a shielded connection, no matter where you are. It’s also a useful tool in areas where internet access is restricted, allowing you to stay connected and use the web more freely.

For remote workers, securely connecting to company resources is crucial. A VPN establishes an encrypted tunnel between your device and your company’s network, ensuring sensitive business data stays protected. This is especially important when employees are working from different locations and relying on public or home networks.

Some ISPs intentionally slow down certain activities, such as streaming or online gaming, when they detect high bandwidth usage. A VPN connection can prevent this by masking your traffic, so your ISP can’t easily identify what you’re doing online. This helps maintain a smoother experience, reducing buffering while streaming and minimizing lag during gaming.

Running a VPN service involves real costs. To cover the expenses, free and paid VPNs usually take very different approaches regarding your data and security.

While Free VPNs may be tempting for occasional use, they often compromise speed, security, and privacy to make a profit. Paid VPNs, on the other hand, invest in high-end encryption, audited security, and unlimited bandwidth to ensure your connection remains private and seamless.

VPN pricing depends on the VPN service provider and typically scales based on your commitment. While monthly plans usually range from $12–$15, opting for a 2-year subscription can bring the cost down to as low as $2–$4 per month.

To see a full breakdown of the best values on the market, check out our top VPN providers comparison for detailed pricing and feature reviews.

Most people spend more time on their phones than on their computers. Yet, mobile security is often an afterthought. Connecting to public Wi-Fi networks to save mobile data makes your phone a prime target for hackers. So, using a VPN on your mobile isn’t just an option — it’s a necessity for protecting your most personal, private data. 

Whether you use iOS or Android, major VPN providers offer dedicated apps that provide the same privacy and security as their desktop versions. By installing a mobile VPN, you can surf safely on public networks, prevent mobile carriers from selling your browsing history, and even stop ISP throttling during your commute. 

If you value your privacy, securing the device that never leaves your side is the most important step you can take.